Engineering blog- electronic circuits , electronic projects,electronic schematic,electronic design,simple circuit and hobby circuits
-
-
Subscribe via E-mail
-
Alexa rank
Myblog log
Recent Viewers 
anushanilmini20 days ago Nhaloor1 month ago 
ibnusaheed3 months ago rajibkumar5 months ago Powered By BlogCatalog Fire alarm Project
burglar alarm for car stereos
Collar Mic
Light sensitive switch
Lie detector circuit
LM317T Voltage Regulator with Pass Transistor
Here is the circuit diagram for LM 317 T voltage regulator with pass transistor .Popularity: 97% [?]
Simple Adjustable Voltage Source
A simple but less efficient method of controlling a DC voltage is to use a voltage divider and transistor emitter follower configuration. The figure below illustrates using a 1K pot to set the base voltage of a medium power NPN transistor. The collector of the NPN feeds the base of a larger PNP power transistor which supplies most of the current to the load. The output voltage will be about 0.7 volts below the voltage of the wiper of the 1K pot so the output can be adjusted from 0 to the full supply voltage minus 0.7 volts. Using two transistors provides a current gain of around 1000 or more so that only a couple milliamps of current is drawn from the voltage divider to supply a couple amps of current at the output.
The power consumed by the lamp will be only (3 volts * 1 amp) = 3 watts which gives us an efficiency factor of only 25% when the lamp is dimmed. The advantage of the circuit is simplicity, and also that it doesn’t generate any RF interference as a switching regulator does. The circuit can be used as a voltage regulator if the input voltage remains constant, but it will not compensate for changes at the input as the LM317 does.
Popularity: 80% [?]
Improved 3 Transistor Audio Amp
The load resistor for the driver transistor is tied directly to the + supply. This has a disadvantage in that as the output moves positive, the drop across the 470 ohm resistor decreases which reduces the base current to the top NPN transistor. Thus the output cannot move all the way to the + supply because there wouldn’t be any voltage across the 470 resistor and no base current to the NPN transistor.This circuit corrects the problem somewhat and allows a larger voltage swing and probably more output power. In this circuit, the 1K load resistor is tied to the speaker so that as the output moves negative, the voltage on the 1K resistor is reduced, which aids in turning off the top NPN transistor. When the output moves positive, the charge on the 470uF capacitor aids in turning on the top NPN transistor. The original circuit in the radio used a 300 ohm resistor where the 2 diodes are shown but I changed the resistor to 2 diodes so the amp would operate on lower voltages with less distortion.
The transistors shown 2n3053 and 2n2905 are just parts I used for the other circuit above and could be smaller types. Most any small transistors can be used, but they should be capable of 100mA or more current. A 2N3904 or 2N3906 areprobably a little small, but would work at low volume. The 2 diodes generate a fairly constant bias voltage as the battery drains and reduces crossover distortion. But you should take care to insure the idle current is around 10 to 20 milliamps with no signal and the output transistors do not get hot under load. The circuit should work with a regular 8 ohm speaker, but the output power may be somewhat less. To optimize the operation, select a resistor where the 100K is shown to set the output voltage at 1/2 the supply voltage (4.5 volts). This resistor might be anything from 50K to 700K depending on the gain of the transistor used where the 3904 is shown.
Popularity: 83% [?]
LA4555 Audio Amplifier
Stereo circuit and mono circuit are given in schematic .LA 4555 is basically a stereo amplifier with 2.3 watts into 4 ohms speakers at a total distortion of 10%. With a bridge circuit, it can be configured as mono amplifier delivering 4.6 watts. It has an input impedance of 30K and gain of 51 dB. It has an excellent voltage range of 3 to 13 volts. Both mono and stereo circuits are shown here.
Pin out is given in Figure
Input is given at Pin 8 in the mono circuit and output is taken at Pin 11 through a capacitor (C7) of 470 uF to a speaker of 4 ohms. In the case of stereo circuit, input is given at 5 and 8 pins and output is taken out at 2 and 11 pins respectively for left and right channels through the blocking capacitors C4 and C7.
A detailed description of the pin out will help now and in the future.
In the stereo circuit,
C5, C2 are feedback capacitors, zohich dictate the lower cut off frequency.
CI, C6 are bootstrap capacitors. If the capacitor value is reduced from the recommended 47uF, output
at flow frequencies falls.
Cll, CIO are oscillation blocking capacitors. Polyester film capacitors are preferable.
C7, C4 are output coupling capacitors. Lower cutoff frequency depends on their value and quality.
C3 is the ripple filter or decoupling capacitor.
C8, C9 are the power source capacitors.
R2, R2 are oscillation blocking resistors.
ICs dissipate heat as they dissipate more and more power at more and more voltages. The heat must be removed continuously such that IC operates at rated temperature. Failure to do so will result in thermal runaway. If the IC is well protected, output power will fall to a safe area. If not it will eventually fail and pack up. Copper foil area is made as large as possible in the vicinity ofIC to dissipate more heat.
Then heat sink, thermally conductive material such as copper or aluminum is mounted on IC to remove the heat as it develops. It must be of enough size. In case ofLA4555, the IC has fins which are soldered to the PCB and a small heat sink also can be soldered along with it. Solder copper heat sink as shown in the figure below. Aluminum cannot be easily soldered. Method of mounting heat sink is shown in Figure.
Popularity: 79% [?]
Door Phone
LM 386 is just right for a door phone application. It is very useful application in the present urban households. One condenser microphone and a speaker are kept conveniently outside and another set withamplifier are kept inside. With a door phone installed at the main door, it will be easy to recognize the caller outside the door. Nevertheless, it is still a better method for shooing away those indomitable salesmen with bodybuilder or body toner, or some other plastic gadget.
Circuit is shown in Schematic. The amplifier along with the power supply is kept inside fully accessible by the insider. One microphone and speaker are kept outside the main door such that the caller can speak into the mike and listen to the speaker. When the caller knocks the door, insider can switch on the door phone and ask him to identify. Then the insider can switch on the outside mike to allow him to speak. This activates the inside speaker but switches off the inside mike. When the insider releases this switch, inside mike and outside speaker will be connected. This is simplex system.
There are two condenser microphones (MIC1, MIC2) biased by R3 (10k resistor). Bias is switched by SI such that any one mike will operate. Mikes are coupled to theamplifier by C2, C7. VR1 is the volume control. Similarly there are two speakers (SPK1, SPK2) which are switched by S2 from the amplifier . Both these switches are operated by the insider and are ganged. The switches are ganged so that when outside mike is on, inside speaker will be connected and vice versa. Rl preset is a gain control, which you can adjust and leave it at optimum level. You still have volume control on hand. Please note that all these controls should be inside in the hands of the householder.Thisamplifier is used with a power supply of 12V full wave. Regulated supply is not required. Use good quality capacitors as bad filtering would result in annoying hum
Popularity: 89% [?]
Energy-saving lamps
Now here’s a bright idea—a lamp that saves you money and helps the environment! It lasts 10 times longer than a standard electric lamp and uses 80 percent less energy. If you care about tackling global warming, lamps like this are a great place to start. During its lifetime, a typical energy-saving lamp will stop about one ton of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere and pay for itself many times over. So it’s good for your pocket and kind to the Earth as well. But how exactly does it work?How to make light the hot way (incandescence)
To understand what’s so good about energy-saving lamps, we first need to understand what’s so bad about ordinary ones.
Most lamps are incandescent. This means they give off light because they are hot. A typical electric light bulb is a glass globe with a very thin piece of wire inside it. The thin wire, called a filament, gets extremely hot when electricity flows through it. Now, hot things often give off light. Fires, for example, look red, orange, yellow, or white because they are hot. Put an iron bar in a fire and it will glow red when the temperature reaches about 950°C (1750°F); this is what we mean by “red hot.” If the temperature rises to about 1100°C (2000°F), the bar glow yellows. If it gets hotter still, say about 2500°C (4500°F) it will glow with a bright, white light. The filament in a lightbulb looks white because it is glowing white hot.
Incandescent filament lamp showing the glowing filament inside the glass bulb
Hot iron looks red, yellow, or white because it is giving off light—but why should it give off light at all? When you heat iron, the atoms inside it absorb the heat energy you supply. The electrons inside the atoms push out farther from the nucleus to soak up this extra energy. But this makes them unstable, so they quickly return to their original or “ground” state. When they do so, they have to get rid of some energy and do so by giving off a tiny packet of light called a photon. Depending on how much energy they get rid of, the photon appears as light of a particular color. See our article on light for a fuller explanation of how atoms make light.
Photo: This incandescent lamp makes light when the filament gets white hot.
You might think heating up a bit of wire is a pretty inefficient way to make light—and you’d be right. A fire, a hot iron bar, and the wire filament in a lamp all give off light, but they also give off heat. If making light is our only objective, any heat we make is wasted energy. If you’ve ever put your hand near a typical incandescent lamp, you’ll know it gets incredibly hot—far too hot to touch, so don’t try it! In fact, an incandescent bulb wastes about 90 percent of the electricity it uses by getting hot.
Find out more in our article on incandescent lamps.
How to make light the cool way (fluorescence)
Energy-saving lights save energy by making light without the heat using a completely different process called fluorescence. This is a trick similar to the one used by creatures like fireflies and glow-worms, whose bodies contain chemicals that make “cool light” without any heat. The general name for light made this way is luminescence.
Artwork showing how a fluorescent lamp works
From the outside, a fluorescent lamp seems to have two main sections: a squarish base out of which two or more white, glass tubes emerge. Inside, things are a bit more complex. The base is the bit that plugs into the power socket (1). Inside it, there’s a small electronic circuit (2), containing a transformer, that boosts the voltage of the incoming electricity. (You can see a photo of the circuit below.) This means the lamp can produce more light than it would otherwise do and also helps to reduce flicker. The circuit is connected to a couple of electrical contacts called electrodes (3). When electricity flows into the electrodes, electrons (shown here as red dots) boil” from their surface and shoot off down the thin white tubes, which contain mercury gas (4). As the electrons hurtle down the tubes, they collide with atoms of the mercury (5), shown here as blue dots. The collisions give the mercury atoms energy so their electrons jump to higher energy levels. But this makes the mercury atoms unstable, so the electrons quickly return to their ground states. When they do so, they give off photons of invisible ultraviolet light (slightly higher frequency than the blue light we can see).
Electronics inside a CFL lamp
Photo: The electronic circuit inside an energy-saving lamp. The transformer is the big orange/gold thing in the center. The black cylinder on the left is a capacitor.
If fluorescent lights make invisible light, how come they glow white? Here’s the clever part. The thin glass tubes of a fluorescent light are covered in white-colored chemicals called phosphors. When the ultraviolet light strikes atoms in the phosphors, it excites their electrons in just the same way that the mercury atoms were excited (6). This makes the phosphor atoms unstable, so they give off their excess energy as photons—which, this time, happen to be visible, white light.
So, in short, fluorescent lights make their energy in a three-step process:
1. Electrodes take electrical energy from the power supply and generate moving electrons.
2. The moving electrons collide with mercury atoms in the tubes to make ultraviolet light.
3. The white phosphor coating of the tubes converts the ultraviolet light into visible light (that we can see).
In case you’re wondering, this is what a compact fluorescent light looks like inside. (Don’t break one apart yourself; there is some health risk from the mercury inside if you do so.) Sorry the photo is a bit blurred. Next time one of my lamps breaks, I’ll take a better photo!
Photo: Inside a compact fluorescent lamp. The numbers on this photo correspond to the numbers in the artwork up above: 1) Connection to power socket; 2) Transformer circuit; 3) Electrodes; 4-6) Glass tubes with white phosphor coating inside.
Source : http://www.explainthatstuff.com/energysavingfluorescentlamp.html
Popularity: 87% [?]
LM 386 Audio Amplifier
LM386 is one of the earliest audio ICs but is still going strong. It works with a few external components and is indispensable for general hobby circuits where audio amplifier of low power is needed. It is mini audio power amplifier which would prove essential as a test amplifier for solving typical problems in the audio circuits of TVs, telephones, etc. It can be used as an output driver for certain tone and oscillator circuits.The following circuit is useful as a test mike but can be adopted for any of those requirements.
Supply voltage can range from 4 to 12 V. Gain is internally set to 20 but it can be increased to any value up to 200 by a manipulation of external capacitor and resistor between Pin 1 and 8. Quiescent current drain is only 24 milliwatts at 6V operation. LM 386 N-4 can operate up to 16V and can deliver 1W of power into 32 ohm speakers. With these features LM386 is a superb startup amplifier generally used as an output device for a voice IC or radio receiver. You should make two such amplifiers to make it stereo. External line in can be connected at C4 after switching out the mike.
LM 386 has an internally fixed gain of 20 as in the case of the present circuit. It can be increased to 200 by bypassing IK resistor by switch SI. With resistor in place the gain is 50 and without both capacitor (C2) and resistor (R3), (i.e., by keeping both pins 1 and 8 open) the gain will be 20. These components actually bypass an internal resistor of 1.2 K across pins 1 and 8. .047uF capacitor (C5) and 10K ohms resistor between pin 5 and pin 1 will boost the bass frequencies and are optional. Pin out of the IC is given in Figure.
Circuit is shown in Schematic 38. Electret mike is powered by 10K resistor (R4) and is coupled to the amplifier by .47 uF capacitor (C4). R1 is volume control. Input is given at Pin 3 in the circuit and output is taken at Pin 5 through a capacitor (C1) of 470 uF to a speaker of 8 ohms. There is an additional Bass boost circuit given along side the main circuit which can be connected to boost low frequencies.
The circuit may be built on a Veroboard provided the precautions suggested in the earlier circuit are taken care of. Hence precaution must also be taken to avoid motor boating due to bad power supply filtering at the ICs.
Popularity: 100% [?]
Preamplifier with LA3161
Preamplifiers are used to amplify low level signals such as those from mikes, tape heads before they are fed into power amplifiers. Power amplifiers are generally less sensitive. Frequency response also can be suitably trimmed and modified at preamp stage. LA 3161 is one of those widely used in tape decks and amplifiers as a stereo preamplifier.
Block Diagram is shown in Figure. LA 3161 has two low noise preamplifiers with good ripple rejection on chip catering to stereo applications. External part count is low and Single In line (SIL))(Figure 43) package makes mounting easy. Wltile the operating voltage is 9V, the IC can tolerate voltages up to 18V. Typical input resistance is WOK and output resistance is 10K with an open loop gain of78dB. Block diagram of the IC is given below. Input is given at Pin 1 and 8, output is taken at Pin 3 and 6, and negative Feedback is given at Pin 2 and 7. Power is at Pin 5 and Pin 4 is the ground terminal. There is an internal voltage regulator.
Ready made PCBs, even populated PCBs are available using this very useful IC. You can still build one, with a Veroboard provided proper care is taken about the ground returns. It simply means that one should not connect ground terminals of output and input at the same place. This will create serious oscillations and normal hobbyist will be left in the woods. Please read general instructions for working with amplifiers in the end.
Popularity: 83% [?]
A Collar Mike
Microphone is added here for the very use it has, and by the ease of making one. It can be used as a good quality microphone. Here is a simple circuit that makes the condenser mikes work, which can also be used as a collar mike. Condenser mikes are rugged, have excellent frequency response, and they develop fairly high signal output. They can certainly be implemented to test later circuits. Make this and I am sure you will make many for many of your friends.
These ubiquitous devices are seen everywhere, in portable tape recorders to cell phones. These are small, sensitive, and rugged and have an excellent frequency response, and high signal to noise ratio. They deliver higher level of signal into preamplifier. It has an internal field effect transistor which needs power at less than half a milliampere. Condenser mike has two terminals; one terminal can be seen as connected to the body of the mike. The other terminal is the HOT terminal. It doubles up as an output terminal and power +ve terminal. A single pen cell can power it.
Circuit is shown in Schematic 35. Condenser mike is biased with a 3.3K resistor to power the internal FET. Output is also taken from this terminal to the Mike (MIC) input of an amplifier. There must be a capacitor at the input of the preamplifier to block the DC voltage from condenser mike. Preamplifiers generally have this capacitor at their input. Negative terminal of the battery is connected to the ground terminal of the mike. It is also connected to the ground of the amplifier through the shield of the connecting mike cable.
Connect 3.3 K resistor to the positive side of single cell battery holder with the other end of the resistor to the HOT terminal through a mike cable. Negative side of the battery holder is connected to the ground terminal of Mike: Solder a shield wire of required length to the
terminals of the mike. Central core wire goes to the hot or output terminal and the external shield goes to the ground terminal. The other end of the shield wire is connected to the appropriate connector suitable to the power amplifier. Use good quality shield wire and appropriate input jack pin suitable for the amplifier. Make two such mikes for stereo applications
Preamplifiers are used to amplify low level signals such as those from mikes, tape heads before they are fed into power amplifiers. Power amplifiers are generally less sensitive. Frequency response also can be suitably trimmed and modified at preamp stage. LA 3161 is one of those widely used in tape decks and amplifiers as a stereo preamplifier.
Block Diagram is shown in Figure 42. LA 3161 has two low noise preamplifiers with good ripple rejection on chip catering to stereo applications. External part count is low and Single In line (SIL))(Figure 43) package makes mounting easy. While the operating voltage is 9V, the IC can tolerate voltages up to 18V. Typical input resistance is 100K and output resistance is 10K with an open loop gain of78dB. Block diagram of the IC is given below. Input is given at Pin 1 and 8, output is taken at Pin 3 and 6, and negative Feedback is given at Pin 2 and 7. Power is at Pin 5 and Pin 4 is the ground terminal. There is an internal voltage regulator.
Popularity: 81% [?]
Watts & PMPO
There is a general confusion prevailing in the audio industry each one claiming more output power than the other. Peak Music Power outputs powers of more than 7000 watts are claimed. These ratings are baffling to the general public as the salesmen normally contend and contest that it is that actual power their systems handle. Half baked sales men do talk as they like but it is unfortunate that the reputed manufacturers fell into this bandwagon. Public are falling head downwards with a kind of a personal prestige value, as usual with false figures.
A simple mathematical calculation shows that to achieve 7000 watts of power with 12 V power supply would need approximately 583 amperes. Think of the transformer, rectifiers and other components to handle this power. When one opens insides of the gadgets, takes one look at the ICs used, it will be surprising that the actual RMS powers fall into single digits. A television in a normal living room is used with less than 1 W of audio power. I laughed at the claims of audio system manufacturers who rated their systems at about 400W of PMPO, where the IC inside can hardly drive 6W. I am sure they would never be able to prove these hefty power ratings even in their laboratory conditions, let alone in normal domestic circumstances. I contend that we live in wilderness.
Please also note that simply by using higher wattage speakers, your out puts will not increase. As a matter of fact, delivered acoustic power may drop appreciably.
Popularity: 74% [?]
No comments:
Post a Comment